Signal Processing and Communications Laboratory

Department of Engineering

Part IB Paper 8 - Photo Editing

Colour Examples
Nick Kingsbury - April 2008.



Shop surveillance image (poor quality)

This shows a typical low-quality video surveillance frame (shop.jpg). Suppose we wish to try to recognise the customer's face:

shop.jpg

This is the image cropped to [xmin xmax ymin ymax] = [281 408 61 188], a size of 128 x 128 pixels (shop_crop.jpg):

shop_crop.jpg

This is the cropped image resized by x2 (shop_crop_x2.jpg):

shop_crop_x2.jpg

This is the resized image with Colour Shift enhancement, HSV mode – Sat x2; Value x1.4, -0.2 (shop_col_enh.jpg):

shop_col_enh.jpg

This is the colour enhanced image with Filter enhancement, Lowpass breadth = 1, iter=2; Highpass breadth = 10, iter = 1 (shop_col_enh_filt.jpg):

shop_col_enh_filt.jpg

Memorial Image (camera not level)

This is an image where the camera was not level (memorial.jpg)l:

memorial_a.jpg

Here the image has been rotated by +2 degrees (memorial_rot.jpg):

memorial_a.jpg

Here the image has been cropped by 40 pels from each edge [41 764 41 1011] to remove the grey triangles that were introduced by the rotation (memorial_rot.jpg):

memorial_crop.jpg

Clock Image with subsampling

Sometimes it is necessary to reduce the size of an image (for display as a thumbnail or to send it over a low-bandwidth channel perhaps). We must be careful to include the right amount of anti-aliasing filtering before we perform the downsampling:

Clock original (clock.jpg):

clock.jpg

Clock, subsampled by a factor of 9 (= scaling by 0.1111):

clock_down9.jpg

Enlargement of the subsampled image

clock_down9.jpg

Clock, lowpass filtered using a Gaussian filter with breadth b = 3.5 (corresponding to a half-amplitude pulse width of 9 pixels):

clock_lpf.jpg

Clock, lowpass filtered and subsampled by a factor of 9:

clock_lpf_down9.jpg

Comparison of enlarged subsampled images, with and without lowpass filtering. Note the improved legibility with anti-alias filtering (left):

clock_lpf_down9.jpg clock_down9.jpg

Colour Representations:

RGB:

colour_cube.jpg

YUV also uses this cube, but projected onto different axes of Y = 0.3R + 0.6G + 0.1B (luminance), U = B-Y (blue-to-yellow difference), and V = R-Y (red-to-cyan difference).

HSV is Hue, Saturation and Value:

Colour_circle.jpg

Value, V = max(R,G,B)

Saturation, S = {V – min(R,G,B)} / V

The human eye tends to be very insensitive to smooth spatial changes in brightness, so we can slowly change Y or V without much apparent image change.

We do not really notice the depth of shadow on the chess board or the shading on the cylinder.

Patches A and B have the same pixel intensity!

cylinder_chess.jpg

Village Image with haze

This image is affected by atmospheric haze, which we wish to remove (village.jpg):

village.jpg

Here we use Colour Shift in YUV mode to subtract the grey of the haze and increase the colour saturation – Y = x1.6, -0.4; U = x2; V = x2 (village_col_enh.jpg):

village_col_enh.jpg

Party Image with tungsten lighting

This image was taken under tungsten light and is too yellow (party.jpg):

party.jpg

Colour is corrected by using Colour Shift in YUV mode with the following settings - Y = x1.2, -0.1; U = +0.05; V = -0.1 (party_col_corr.jpg):

party_col_corr.jpg

Face image with edge enhancement

This is photo of my face before and after highpass filtering (b = 2pels) to enhance edges:

nick_k1_crop.jpg nick_k1_crop_hpfilt.jpg

Genoa Image with poor foreground illumination

This image has a light background and so that the faces of the subjects are poorly lit and too dark (Genoa_view.jpg):

Genoa_view.JPG

So we have corrected the shadows without significantly affecting the background parts by using Lighting Shift with Shadows = +0.25; Mid tones = +0.1 (Genoa_view_corr.jpg):

Genoa_view_corr.JPG

There is noise in the lightened skin tones, so we enhance the image using Enhance with Denoise threshold = Sharpen threshold = 10; 1 iter of Reduce Noise and 1 iter of Sharpen Edges (Genoa_view_enh.jpg):

Genoa_view_enh.JPG

Very Low Light Image with enhancement:

This is an image that has very low foreground lighting (low_light3.jpg):

low_light3.jpg

so we have passed it twice through the Lighting Shft function with Shadows = +0.25, and Mid tones = 0.1 (low_light3_lightx2.jpg):

low_light3_lightx2.jpg

An alternative is to use histogram equalisation but this is too non-linear and severe (low_light3_histeq.jpg):

low_light3_histeq.jpg